{"id":49,"date":"2018-01-14T20:49:27","date_gmt":"2018-01-14T20:49:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/134.169.6.169\/milq\/?page_id=49"},"modified":"2026-04-10T09:28:14","modified_gmt":"2026-04-10T07:28:14","slug":"8-schrodinger-gleichung","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/en\/mehr\/8-schrodinger-gleichung\/","title":{"rendered":"Lesson 8: Schr\u00f6dinger equation"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"bsf_rt_marker\"><\/div><p><\/p>\n<div id=\"content\">\n<div id=\"gpx_content\" class=\"filenum-27 cf\">\n<div class=\"GPAREA filetype-text\">\n<div id=\"content\">\n<div id=\"gpx_content\" class=\"filenum-27 cf\">\n<div class=\"GPAREA filetype-text\">\n<div id=\"content\">\n<div id=\"gpx_content\" class=\"filenum-27 cf\">\n<div class=\"GPAREA filetype-text\">\n<div id=\"content\">\n<div id=\"gpx_content\" class=\"filenum-27 cf\">\n<div class=\"GPAREA filetype-text\">\n<div id=\"content\">\n<div id=\"gpx_content\" class=\"filenum-27 cf\">\n<div class=\"GPAREA filetype-text\">\n<div id=\"content\">\n<div id=\"gpx_content\" class=\"filenum-27 cf\">\n<div class=\"GPAREA filetype-text\">\n<div id=\"content\">\n<div id=\"gpx_content\" class=\"filenum-27 cf\">\n<div class=\"GPAREA filetype-text\">\n<div id=\"content\">\n<div id=\"gpx_content\" class=\"filenum-27 cf\">\n<div class=\"GPAREA filetype-text\">\n<h2>How to arrive at the Schr\u00f6dinger equation<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"#8.1e\">8.1 Mathematical description of quantum objects<\/a>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"#8.2e\">8.2 Preparation of electrons for a specific momentum and kinetic energy<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#8.3e\">8.3 The wave function of a free electron<\/a>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"#8.4e\">8.4 Operators for physical quantities<\/a>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"#8.5e\">8.5 The kinetic energy operator<\/a> \u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"#8.6e\">8.6 The eigenvalue equation<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#8.7e\">8.7 The total energy operator<\/a>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"#8.8e\">8.8 The fundamental equation of quantum mechanics<\/a>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"#8.9e\">8.9 Finding stationary states with the Schr\u00f6dinger equation<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#8.10e\">8.10 Progress check<\/a>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"#8.11e\">8.11 Summary<\/a><\/p>\n<p>In this chapter, we move from the qualitative to the quantitative consideration of quantum objects. We expand the description of quantum objects by wave functions and introduce operators and eigenvalue equations. We thus come to the eigenvalue equation of the total energy, the Schr\u00f6dinger equation.<br \/>\nIf you have not already done so, please now download <a href=\"\/data\/_uploaded\/Downloads\/Lehrgang\/milq_kap8_lek_schroedinger_gleichung.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chapter 8 of the teaching materials as a pdf file.<\/a><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"8.1e\">8.1 Mathematical description of quantum objects<\/h3>\n<p>The general objectives of physics can be roughly subdivided into two categories:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Qualitative understanding<\/strong>, i. e. to gain an insight into the fundamental cause-effect relationships of natural phenomena. Example: The same fundamental force is responsible for the motion of the Moon around the Earth and the dropping of a stone which has been let go.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Quantitative understanding<\/strong>, i. e. quantitative description of natural phenomena.<br \/>\nExample: Deriving the trajectory of a stone which has been thrown or the motion of the Moon from Newton\u2019s laws.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The preceding chapters concentrated on the qualitative understanding of quantum mechanics. They introduced the concepts of<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the wave function\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a6816f380c75e0513f24dfed478c56b7_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#44;&#116;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"52\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/> and<\/li>\n<li>the probability density function <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e43abbe7303a4bf1764cbe824af7cab4_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#80;&#40;&#120;&#44;&#116;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#124;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#44;&#116;&#41;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#124;&#94;&#50;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"24\" width=\"151\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In this chapter, we are looking for the explicit mathematical form of the wave function for a given ensemble of quantum objects. This will lead us to the Schr\u00f6dinger equation.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"8.2e\">8.2 Preparation of electrons for a specific momentum and kinetic energy<\/h3>\n<p>As a preliminary consideration, we consider the preparation of an ensemble of electrons for a specific momentum or kinetic energy.<\/p>\n<p>Electrons can be prepared for a specific momentum or kinetic energy in a cathode beam tube when they pass through an accelerating voltage.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/data\/_uploaded\/Lehrgang\/Kapitel8\/abb82a.gif\" alt=\"\" \/><br \/>\nPreparation of the property kinetic energy<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"8.3e\">8.3 The wave function of a free electron<\/h3>\n<p>What does the wave function for an ensemble of electrons with a specific momentum look like?<\/p>\n<p>The simplest approach is a harmonic wave, which is known from classical wave mechanics:<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 45px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-08ac4897ef414aa18de934c0cef93cb6_l3.png\" height=\"45\" width=\"465\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#95;&#123;&#112;&#120;&#125;&#40;&#120;&#44;&#116;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#65;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#115;&#105;&#110;&#32;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#50;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#120;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#108;&#97;&#109;&#98;&#100;&#97;&#125;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#50;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#116;&#125;&#123;&#84;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#66;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#99;&#111;&#115;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#50;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#120;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#108;&#97;&#109;&#98;&#100;&#97;&#125;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#50;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#116;&#125;&#123;&#84;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#32;&#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1609ce6b11604f5f4b12ac82b6a37842_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#65;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"14\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5acf4bbdc8d7811000441f30273ec9a7_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#66;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"15\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> are constant factors. The term <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a7315df48de284c855dafe771cfc57e8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#40;&#50;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#116;&#47;&#84;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"76\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/> in the argument of the sine or cosine term represents the time dependence of the wave.<\/p>\n<p>In Section 5.3 a wavelength, the de Broglie wavelength, was assigned to the electrons on the basis of the interference phenomena:<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 43px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ed803b3035a87ac379902e0f941d824a_l3.png\" height=\"43\" width=\"164\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91;&#32;&#92;&#108;&#97;&#109;&#98;&#100;&#97;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#104;&#125;&#123;&#112;&#95;&#120;&#125;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#104;&#125;&#123;&#32;&#92;&#115;&#113;&#114;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#109;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#125;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<p>With the de Broglie wavelength and the abbreviation<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 39px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-baee089e9dabb22c32607b948d14ebde_l3.png\" height=\"39\" width=\"58\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91;&#32;&#92;&#104;&#98;&#97;&#114;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#104;&#125;&#123;&#50;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<p>we get:<\/p>\n<p><strong>The wave function which is assigned to an ensemble of quantum objects prepared for a specific momentum\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5b6dafc29569aa852b150f542121f449_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#112;&#95;&#123;&#120;&#95;&#48;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"24\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/> is:<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 45px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ffb2b2de902cf7a145f3566485bd5898_l3.png\" height=\"45\" width=\"489\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#95;&#123;&#112;&#65;&#125;&#40;&#120;&#44;&#116;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#65;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#115;&#105;&#110;&#32;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#112;&#95;&#120;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#104;&#98;&#97;&#114;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#120;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#50;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#116;&#125;&#123;&#84;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#66;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#99;&#111;&#115;&#32;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#112;&#95;&#120;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#104;&#98;&#97;&#114;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#120;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#50;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#116;&#125;&#123;&#84;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#32;&#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Accordingly, the result for a specific energy Ekin\u00a0is:<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 46px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a2b503aae34b8a4da5ff21ea7d46bcd4_l3.png\" height=\"46\" width=\"614\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#95;&#123;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#125;&#40;&#120;&#44;&#116;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#65;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#115;&#105;&#110;&#32;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#115;&#113;&#114;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#109;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#104;&#98;&#97;&#114;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#120;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#50;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#116;&#125;&#123;&#84;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#66;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#99;&#111;&#115;&#32;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#115;&#113;&#114;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#109;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#104;&#98;&#97;&#114;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#120;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#50;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#116;&#125;&#123;&#84;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#32;&#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/m27_vermeidung_von_komplexen_zahlen\">Complex numbers can be avoided in class.<\/a><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"8.4e\">8.4 Operators for physical quantities<\/h3>\n<p>We know that, in an experiment, the quantum objects must first be brought into the desired state by preparation. This experimental \u201cproduction\u201d of a specific state by means of preparation corresponds on the theoretical side to providing the wave function.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/data\/_uploaded\/Lehrgang\/Kapitel8\/abb83.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p>If you have an ensemble which has been prepared for kinetic energy, you want to ascertain the value of the kinetic energy. In an experiment, this is done by means of a measurement. In the theory, this is done mathematically by means of an operator.<\/p>\n<h3>Operators:<\/h3>\n<p>An operator is the instruction to carry out a certain mathematical operation on the wave function <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f000b91e1bc0efb9491320cddf41da7c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"37\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/>. The application of an operator\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-09790f2b8a256afcbc246cf3901754b8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#65;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"18\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> to the wave function <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f000b91e1bc0efb9491320cddf41da7c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"37\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/> is symbolized by <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9ebffd03138e4dba5b2de8fedd774030_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#65;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"23\" width=\"65\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/>.<\/p>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Multiplication of a constant:<br \/>\nIf the operator\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-09790f2b8a256afcbc246cf3901754b8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#65;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"18\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> means \u201cmultiply by a constant <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-19a406e13ba1be25c3bbe16c8d4b284c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#99;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>\u201d, then\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9ebffd03138e4dba5b2de8fedd774030_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#65;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"23\" width=\"65\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/> stands for <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a33f005b817dab3e80ca229be928b0b4_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#99;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"59\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/>.<\/li>\n<li>Differentiation of the wave function:<br \/>\nIf the operator\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-87b371d90160669f90ae9f9371641338_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#67;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"18\" width=\"15\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> means \u201cdifferentiate according to <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cbbdeae712cdb4b0fda32c338c4343d2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#120;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"8\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>\u201d, then\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-de67bef6da82f5e4a851661b77c68adb_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#67;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"23\" width=\"52\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/>\u00a0stands for<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 40px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f734c04baa4b9da4a25ab79af184b6a6_l3.png\" height=\"40\" width=\"120\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#39;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#100;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#125;&#123;&#100;&#120;&#125;&#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<p>.<br \/>\nThe illustration below shows the analogy between the measurement and the application of an operator.<br \/>\nAnalogy between measurement and application of an operator.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/data\/_uploaded\/Lehrgang\/Kapitel8\/abb84.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"8.5e\">8.5 The kinetic energy operator<\/h3>\n<p>How can we obtain the value of the kinetic energy from the wave function for an ensemble of electrons prepared for kinetic energy?<\/p>\n<p>Solving the equation<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 46px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a2b503aae34b8a4da5ff21ea7d46bcd4_l3.png\" height=\"46\" width=\"614\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#95;&#123;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#125;&#40;&#120;&#44;&#116;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#65;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#115;&#105;&#110;&#32;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#115;&#113;&#114;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#109;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#104;&#98;&#97;&#114;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#120;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#50;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#116;&#125;&#123;&#84;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#66;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#99;&#111;&#115;&#32;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#115;&#113;&#114;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#109;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#104;&#98;&#97;&#114;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#120;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#50;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#116;&#125;&#123;&#84;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#32;&#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<p>for\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-49d0028d3578ebd1741c23c1a85fb5d0_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"36\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/> does not work. We therefore have to find a different solution.<\/p>\n<p>We place two demands on the kinetic energy operator:<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 73px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-61a8ac0b2b9d7c42f8d5e9d51a5ff326_l3.png\" height=\"73\" width=\"296\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91;&#32;&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#69;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#95;&#123;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#98;&#101;&#103;&#105;&#110;&#123;&#109;&#97;&#116;&#114;&#105;&#120;&#125; &#92;&#92; &#92;&#110;&#101;&#97;&#114;&#114;&#111;&#119;&#32;&#92;&#92; &#92;&#115;&#101;&#97;&#114;&#114;&#111;&#119;&#32;&#92;&#92; &#92;&#92; &#92;&#101;&#110;&#100;&#123;&#109;&#97;&#116;&#114;&#105;&#120;&#125; &#123;&#92;&#100;&#105;&#115;&#112;&#108;&#97;&#121;&#115;&#116;&#121;&#108;&#101;&#32;&#123;&#92;&#98;&#101;&#103;&#105;&#110;&#123;&#97;&#108;&#105;&#103;&#110;&#101;&#100;&#125; &#38;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#114;&#101;&#112;&#114;&#111;&#100;&#117;&#99;&#101;&#115;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#58;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#95;&#123;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#92; &#92;&#92; &#38;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#114;&#101;&#116;&#117;&#114;&#110;&#115;&#32;&#118;&#97;&#108;&#117;&#101;&#32;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#58;&#32;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125; &#92;&#101;&#110;&#100;&#123;&#97;&#108;&#105;&#103;&#110;&#101;&#100;&#125;&#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Applying the operator to the wave function should reproduce it apart from a constant factor.<\/li>\n<li>When the operator is applied, it should provide the information on the value of the kinetic energy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The operation \u201cdifferentiate twice&#8221; fulfils the desired conditions:<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 42px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ef95a9b5f829841614a29dad6469c019_l3.png\" height=\"42\" width=\"289\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#104;&#98;&#97;&#114;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#50;&#109;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#100;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#100;&#120;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#95;&#123;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#125;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#95;&#123;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#125;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#32;&#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<p><strong>The kinetic energy operator is<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 42px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-71b27c794d902438fefd8bc7ea93eb17_l3.png\" height=\"42\" width=\"137\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91;&#32;&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#69;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#104;&#98;&#97;&#114;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#50;&#109;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#100;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#100;&#120;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<p>.<br \/>\n<strong>If it is applied to a wave function which describes an ensemble of quantum objects with a specific kinetic energy, the wave function is reproduced; the proportionality factor represents the value of the kinetic energy:<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 23px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6058bf84647e91ab0d5a1a3b2e6ce502_l3.png\" height=\"23\" width=\"244\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91;&#32;&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#69;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<p>.<br \/>\nNote: On the left-hand side of the equation is an operator, but on the right-hand side there is a number.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"8.6e\">8.6 Eigenvalue equation<\/h3>\n<p>With the operator concept for a physical quantity, we can now answer a question we had considered earlier from a mathematical point of view: Does an ensemble of quantum objects have the property considered?<\/p>\n<p><strong>With the operator\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-49f9e85b276d8733708f385c4526f44a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#69;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"21\" width=\"36\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/>\u00a0we can answer the following question:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Do the quantum objects which are described by a specific wave function\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f000b91e1bc0efb9491320cddf41da7c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"37\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/> have the property \u201ckinetic energy\u201d or not?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>When the wave function fulfills the <em>eigenvalue equation<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 23px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6058bf84647e91ab0d5a1a3b2e6ce502_l3.png\" height=\"23\" width=\"244\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91;&#32;&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#69;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<p>,<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>the quantum objects really do have the property \u201cwell-defined kinetic energy\u201d. The value of the kinetic energy which can be ascribed to the quantum objects in this case is given by the proportionality factor\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-29bb8abdb60968315a796bee3832e311_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#69;&#95;&#32;&#32;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"36\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/>\u00a0(eigenvalue of the kinetic energy).<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>If the eigenvalue equation is not fulfilled, the quantum objects described by \u03c8(x) do not have the property \u201cwell-defined kinetic energy\u201d.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Example (Gaussian wave function):\u00a0<\/strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f70d22ec49442d9251f7349142dd2239_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#95;&#123;&#71;&#97;&#117;&#92;&#115;&#115;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#115;&#105;&#109;&#32;&#101;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#40;&#120;&#45;&#120;&#95;&#48;&#41;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#50;&#32;&#92;&#115;&#105;&#103;&#109;&#97;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"32\" width=\"144\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"\/>\u00a0is a wave function which describes an ensemble of quantum objects which does not have the property kinetic energy. If we apply the kinetic energy operator, the result cannot be written in the form<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 23px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3ff789c8bcc4ac6616620a4a8880b910_l3.png\" height=\"23\" width=\"308\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91;&#32;&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#69;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#95;&#123;&#71;&#97;&#117;&#92;&#115;&#115;&#125;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#99;&#111;&#110;&#115;&#116;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#58;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#95;&#123;&#71;&#97;&#117;&#92;&#115;&#115;&#125;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#32;&#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<p>.<\/p>\n<p>The eigenvalue equation is therefore not fulfilled.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/data\/_uploaded\/Lehrgang\/Kapitel8\/abb87.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Eigenvalue equation as a machine<\/p>\n<p>Notes:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>We can consider the eigenvalue equation to be a \u201cmachine\u201d: If we feed a wave function into the machine, it displays whether quantum objects in the state\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-04cfb716b8b13a13922865068d69ae41_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"17\" width=\"12\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"\/>\u00a0possess the property <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1609ce6b11604f5f4b12ac82b6a37842_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#65;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"14\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> or not.<\/li>\n<li>When the eigenvalue equation is fulfilled, the value <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-49d0028d3578ebd1741c23c1a85fb5d0_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"36\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/> is definitely found in a measurement. This is exactly the meaning of the expression \u201cpossesses the property kinetic energy&#8221;.<\/li>\n<li>When the eigenvalue equation is not fulfilled, the measured values have a spread when the kinetic energy is measured.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 id=\"8.7e\">8.7 The total energy operator<\/h3>\n<p>In classical physics, the total energy is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy. What is the situation in quantum mechanics, where physical quantities are described by operators?<\/p>\n<p>To answer this question, we consider the following thought experiment (it is an expansion of the experiment with the cathode ray tube, Lesson 8.2):<br \/>\nThe electrons have been prepared for a fixed energy by the accelerating voltage (region <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8829b5b3ed216988610dbd2645c76fda_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#73;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>). If the electron beam now passes through a further accelerating voltage U, the electrons have a different energy\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9b1243c0ead421a3878ad73d6f6c3ea8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#40;&#73;&#73;&#73;&#41;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"27\" width=\"48\" style=\"vertical-align: -6px;\"\/>\u00a0in region <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6aaf6f9ad91b0e335e629c0980eaa02b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#73;&#73;&#73;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"29\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/data\/_uploaded\/Lehrgang\/Kapitel8\/abb88.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Electrons prepared for kinetic energy again pass through an accelerating voltage<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 115px;\" border=\"0\" width=\"675\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Description of the potential Potential profile<\/strong><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Potentialverlauf<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Region I<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u00a0The potential has the constant value zero.<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-874c350c047b07fc7988f73df3604ef2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#86;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#48;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"74\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Region II<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u00a0The electrons are accelerated.<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f78525da8cfb235633d73fd1e00eda0f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#86;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#32;&#92;&#115;&#105;&#109;&#32;&#120;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"75\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Region III<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u00a0The potential has the constant value <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1c97c670318edf449765b36e1eef7dec_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#86;&#95;&#48;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"17\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/>.<br \/>\nThe emerging electrons possess the property<br \/>\n\u201ckinetic energy\u201d.<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-18a7cd4290e0a209cf219187ae8b4a2c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#86;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#86;&#95;&#48;&#32;&#92;&#58;&#32;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#119;&#105;&#116;&#104;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#58;&#32;&#86;&#95;&#48;&#32;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#32;&#32;&#48;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"182\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The graph shows the profile of the potential:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/data\/_uploaded\/Lehrgang\/Kapitel8\/abb89.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Potential profile in regions I \u2013 III.<\/p>\n<p>The detailed consideration about the form of the total energy operator can be found in the teaching materials. Here a brief summary:<\/p>\n<p>First we look for the\u00a0wave function in a constant potential <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1c97c670318edf449765b36e1eef7dec_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#86;&#95;&#48;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"17\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/>. It is<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e41cae9dffaa3ce0f0712996df16ec6c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#100;&#105;&#115;&#112;&#108;&#97;&#121;&#115;&#116;&#121;&#108;&#101;&#32;&#123;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#95;&#123;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#125;&#40;&#120;&#44;&#116;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#65;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#115;&#105;&#110;&#32;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#115;&#113;&#114;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#109;&#40;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#103;&#101;&#115;&#125;&#45;&#86;&#95;&#48;&#41;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#104;&#98;&#97;&#114;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#120;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#50;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#116;&#125;&#123;&#84;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#66;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#99;&#111;&#115;&#32;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#115;&#113;&#114;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#109;&#40;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#103;&#101;&#115;&#125;&#45;&#86;&#95;&#48;&#41;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#104;&#98;&#97;&#114;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#120;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#50;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#116;&#125;&#123;&#84;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"57\" width=\"744\" style=\"vertical-align: -24px;\"\/><\/p>\n<p>We again demand that applying the total energy operator should reproduce the wave function.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The total energy operator is<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 42px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-64181b3f0447896c9ea6e725001b2053_l3.png\" height=\"42\" width=\"200\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91;&#32;&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#69;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#103;&#101;&#115;&#125;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#104;&#98;&#97;&#114;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#50;&#109;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#100;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#100;&#120;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#86;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#32;&#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<p>.<br \/>\n<strong>It is made up of the kinetic energy operator together with the potential energy operator:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 24px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c40d5158c5f63b9d31937a09f259f399_l3.png\" height=\"24\" width=\"153\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91;&#32;&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#69;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#103;&#101;&#115;&#125;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#69;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#69;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#112;&#111;&#116;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<p><strong>The operator\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4090dfa67de3be7ec7b2e0c7cac78986_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#69;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#112;&#111;&#116;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"24\" width=\"33\" style=\"vertical-align: -6px;\"\/>\u00a0here simply means multiplying the wave function by\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c9c39a8afb83dcc7b347dfea3900a49c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#86;&#40;&#120;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"38\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"8.8e\">8.8 The fundamental equation of quantum mechanics<\/h3>\n<p>We have now arrived at a crucial point of quantum mechanics. With the concept of the eigenvalue equation and the total energy operator, we can now draw up the fundamental equation of quantum mechanics, the\u00a0<strong>Schr\u00f6dinger equation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>First a new term here:\u00a0<strong>States in which the probability density function\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6623a193d5065b4feabc32ddb15a3602_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#124;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#124;&#94;&#50;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"22\" width=\"53\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/>\u00a0does not change over time are called stationary states.<\/strong> They are so important because they do not exchange any energy with the environment. They have the property \u201ctotal energy\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>To find stationary states, we have to solve the eigenvalue equation of the total energy<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 47px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-51b77edd9ae796d0722ce118f66336e7_l3.png\" height=\"47\" width=\"309\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91;&#32;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#91;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#104;&#98;&#97;&#114;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#50;&#109;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#100;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#100;&#120;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#43;&#86;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#93;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#103;&#101;&#115;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#32;&#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<p>.<br \/>\nIt is called the <strong>stationary Schr\u00f6dinger equation<\/strong>\u00a0and is one of the most important equations of quantum mechanics.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A state with the time-independent probability density\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6623a193d5065b4feabc32ddb15a3602_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#124;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#124;&#94;&#50;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"22\" width=\"53\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/>\u00a0is called a stationary state. Quantum objects in stationary states possess the property \u201ctotal energy\u201d. Their wave function\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f000b91e1bc0efb9491320cddf41da7c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"37\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/>\u00a0fulfills the Schr\u00f6dinger equation, i. e. the eigenvalue equation for the total energy<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 47px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-51b77edd9ae796d0722ce118f66336e7_l3.png\" height=\"47\" width=\"309\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91;&#32;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#91;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#104;&#98;&#97;&#114;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#50;&#109;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#100;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#100;&#120;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#43;&#86;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#93;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#103;&#101;&#115;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#32;&#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<p>.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"8.9e\">8.9 Finding stationary states with the Schr\u00f6dinger equation<\/h3>\n<p>So far, we have used the eigenvalue equation to check whether an ensemble of quantum objects described by the wave function\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f000b91e1bc0efb9491320cddf41da7c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"37\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/>\u00a0possesses a property.<br \/>\nWe now want to find the wave function which assigns the property &#8220;total energy&#8221; to ensembles by solving the Schr\u00f6dinger equation.<\/p>\n<p>Procedure:<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Analyze the physical situation:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Find the equation of the potential <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c9c39a8afb83dcc7b347dfea3900a49c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#86;&#40;&#120;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"38\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Insert the potential into the Schr\u00f6dinger equation:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>We thus obtain an equation which\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f000b91e1bc0efb9491320cddf41da7c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"37\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/> has to fulfill if it is to have the property \u201ctotal energy\u201d.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. Solve the Schr\u00f6dinger equation:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The wave function\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f000b91e1bc0efb9491320cddf41da7c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"37\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/>\u00a0can be found by solving the eigenvalue equation. Solving this differential equation is often complicated. One therefore turns to simple models or to approximation methods.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"\/data\/_uploaded\/Lehrgang\/Kapitel8\/abb811.png\" alt=\"\" \/>Approach for solving the Schr\u00f6dinger equation<\/p>\n<p>Here you can find a\u00a0<a href=\"\/a10_aufgabenblaetter_zur_schroedinger-gleichung\">collection of tasks for quantum mechanics.<\/a><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"8.10e\">8.10 Progress check<\/h3>\n<p>The following points were important in this chapter:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>What is an operator?<\/li>\n<li>What is the kinetic energy operator and how is it derived?<\/li>\n<li>What is understood by an eigenvalue equation and an eigenvalue?<\/li>\n<li>What form does the total energy operator have?<\/li>\n<li>What form does the Schr\u00f6dinger equation take and what does it say?<\/li>\n<li>What is the procedure for finding stationary states?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Before you move on to the next chapter, make sure you know the fundamental ideas behind these points. You can then check this with the aid of the Summary.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"8.11e\">8.11 Summary of Lesson 8: How to arrive at the Schr\u00f6dinger equation<\/h3>\n<p>In the course so far, the description of electrons with wave functions was purely qualitative. In Chapter 8 we move to the quantitative description, i. e. we are looking for the explicit mathematical form of the wave functions.<\/p>\n<p>The wave function of an ensemble prepared for kinetic energy is:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-43c3017f650f25ddaf7ac642962ddd07_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#100;&#105;&#115;&#112;&#108;&#97;&#121;&#115;&#116;&#121;&#108;&#101;&#32;&#123;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#95;&#123;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#125;&#40;&#120;&#44;&#116;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#65;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#115;&#105;&#110;&#32;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#115;&#113;&#114;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#109;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#104;&#98;&#97;&#114;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#120;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#50;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#116;&#125;&#123;&#84;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#66;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#99;&#111;&#115;&#32;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#115;&#113;&#114;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#109;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#104;&#98;&#97;&#114;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#120;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#50;&#92;&#112;&#105;&#32;&#116;&#125;&#123;&#84;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"46\" width=\"622\" style=\"vertical-align: -18px;\"\/>.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>eigenvalue equation<\/strong> for this property tests whether a wave function describes quantum objects with a certain property (e. g. kinetic energy). The eigenvalue equation for the kinetic energy is:<\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 23px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-01f016d98810fcb507578949c61f458c_l3.png\" height=\"23\" width=\"249\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91;&#32;&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#69;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#46;&#32;&#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<p>Here <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-49f9e85b276d8733708f385c4526f44a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#69;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#107;&#105;&#110;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"21\" width=\"36\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/> is the <strong>kinetic energy operator:<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 42px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-efe5425908811b092a670cbae72c14d5_l3.png\" height=\"42\" width=\"137\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91;&#32;&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#69;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#103;&#101;&#115;&#125;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#104;&#98;&#97;&#114;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#50;&#109;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#100;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#100;&#120;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<p>The <strong>stationary Schr\u00f6dinger equation<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 47px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ebf06cbbe408070052f1edd034ff1581_l3.png\" height=\"47\" width=\"314\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91;&#32;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#91;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#92;&#104;&#98;&#97;&#114;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#50;&#109;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#100;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#100;&#120;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#43;&#86;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#93;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#69;&#95;&#123;&#103;&#101;&#115;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#99;&#100;&#111;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#112;&#115;&#105;&#40;&#120;&#41;&#32;&#46;&#32;&#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<p>is the <strong>eigenvalue equation of the total energy<\/strong>. Its solutions are the <strong>stationary states<\/strong>, whose probability of finding a particle is constant in time.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How to arrive at the Schr\u00f6dinger equation 8.1 Mathematical description of quantum objects\u00a0&#8211;\u00a08.2 Preparation of electrons for a specific momentum and kinetic energy 8.3 The wave function of a free electron\u00a0&#8211;\u00a08.4 Operators for physical quantities\u00a0&#8211;\u00a08.5 The kinetic energy operator \u00a0&#8211;\u00a08.6 The eigenvalue equation 8.7 The total energy operator\u00a0&#8211;\u00a08.8 The fundamental equation of quantum mechanics\u00a0&#8211;\u00a08.9 Finding&hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/en\/mehr\/8-schrodinger-gleichung\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Lesson 8: Schr\u00f6dinger equation<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":18,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-49","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","without-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Lesson 8: Schr\u00f6dinger equation - milq<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/mehr\/8-schrodinger-gleichung\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lesson 8: Schr\u00f6dinger equation - milq\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"How to arrive at the Schr\u00f6dinger equation 8.1 Mathematical description of quantum objects\u00a0&#8211;\u00a08.2 Preparation of electrons for a specific momentum and kinetic energy 8.3 The wave function of a free electron\u00a0&#8211;\u00a08.4 Operators for physical quantities\u00a0&#8211;\u00a08.5 The kinetic energy operator \u00a0&#8211;\u00a08.6 The eigenvalue equation 8.7 The total energy operator\u00a0&#8211;\u00a08.8 The fundamental equation of quantum mechanics\u00a0&#8211;\u00a08.9 Finding&hellip; Continue reading Lesson 8: Schr\u00f6dinger equation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.milq.info\/mehr\/8-schrodinger-gleichung\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"milq\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-04-10T07:28:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"26 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.milq.info\\\/mehr\\\/8-schrodinger-gleichung\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.milq.info\\\/mehr\\\/8-schrodinger-gleichung\\\/\",\"name\":\"Lesson 8: Schr\u00f6dinger equation - milq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.milq.info\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2018-01-14T20:49:27+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-04-10T07:28:14+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.milq.info\\\/mehr\\\/8-schrodinger-gleichung\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.milq.info\\\/mehr\\\/8-schrodinger-gleichung\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.milq.info\\\/mehr\\\/8-schrodinger-gleichung\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Startseite\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.milq.info\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"MILQ &#8211; Quantenphysik in der Schule\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.milq.info\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"8. 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